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Sunday, April 5, 2009

Francisco's Money Speech

From Capitalism Magazine via Maggie:

The following is an excerpt from Atlas Shrugged, © Copyright, 1957, by Ayn Rand. It is reprinted with permission from the Estate of Ayn Rand.

"So you think that money is the root of all evil?" said Francisco d'Anconia. "Have you ever asked what is the root of money? Money is a tool of exchange, which can't exist unless there are goods produced and men able to produce them. Money is the material shape of the principle that men who wish to deal with one another must deal by trade and give value for value. Money is not the tool of the moochers, who claim your product by tears, or of the looters, who take it from you by force. Money is made possible only by the men who produce. Is this what you consider evil?

"When you accept money in payment for your effort, you do so only on the conviction that you will exchange it for the product of the effort of others. It is not the moochers or the looters who give value to money. Not an ocean of tears not all the guns in the world can transform those pieces of paper in your wallet into the bread you will need to survive tomorrow. Those pieces of paper, which should have been gold, are a token of honor--your claim upon the energy of the men who produce. Your wallet is your statement of hope that somewhere in the world around you there are men who will not default on that moral principle which is the root of money, Is this what you consider evil?

"Have you ever looked for the root of production? Take a look at an electric generator and dare tell yourself that it was created by the muscular effort of unthinking brutes. Try to grow a seed of wheat without the knowledge left to you by men who had to discover it for the first time. Try to obtain your food by means of nothing but physical motions--and you'll learn that man's mind is the root of all the goods produced and of all the wealth that has ever existed on earth.

"But you say that money is made by the strong at the expense of the weak? What strength do you mean? It is not the strength of guns or muscles. Wealth is the product of man's capacity to think. Then is money made by the man who invents a motor at the expense of those who did not invent it? Is money made by the intelligent at the expense of the fools? By the able at the expense of the incompetent? By the ambitious at the expense of the lazy? Money is made--before it can be looted or mooched--made by the effort of every honest man, each to the extent of his ability. An honest man is one who knows that he can't consume more than he has produced.'

"To trade by means of money is the code of the men of good will. Money rests on the axiom that every man is the owner of his mind and his effort. Money allows no power to prescribe the value of your effort except the voluntary choice of the man who is willing to trade you his effort in return. Money permits you to obtain for your goods and your labor that which they are worth to the men who buy them, but no more. Money permits no deals except those to mutual benefit by the unforced judgment of the traders. Money demands of you the recognition that men must work for their own benefit, not for their own injury, for their gain, not their loss--the recognition that they are not beasts of burden, born to carry the weight of your misery--that you must offer them values, not wounds--that the common bond among men is not the exchange of suffering, but the exchange of goods. Money demands that you sell, not your weakness to men's stupidity, but your talent to their reason; it demands that you buy, not the shoddiest they offer, but the best that your money can find. And when men live by trade--with reason, not force, as their final arbiter--it is the best product that wins, the best performance, the man of best judgment and highest ability--and the degree of a man's productiveness is the degree of his reward. This is the code of existence whose tool and symbol is money. Is this what you consider evil?

"But money is only a tool. It will take you wherever you wish, but it will not replace you as the driver. It will give you the means for the satisfaction of your desires, but it will not provide you with desires. Money is the scourge of the men who attempt to reverse the law of causality--the men who seek to replace the mind by seizing the products of the mind.

"Money will not purchase happiness for the man who has no concept of what he wants: money will not give him a code of values, if he's evaded the knowledge of what to value, and it will not provide him with a purpose, if he's evaded the choice of what to seek. Money will not buy intelligence for the fool, or admiration for the coward, or respect for the incompetent. The man who attempts to purchase the brains of his superiors to serve him, with his money replacing his judgment, ends up by becoming the victim of his inferiors. The men of intelligence desert him, but the cheats and the frauds come flocking to him, drawn by a law which he has not discovered: that no man may be smaller than his money. Is this the reason why you call it evil?

"Only the man who does not need it, is fit to inherit wealth--the man who would make his own fortune no matter where he started. If an heir is equal to his money, it serves him; if not, it destroys him. But you look on and you cry that money corrupted him. Did it? Or did he corrupt his money? Do not envy a worthless heir; his wealth is not yours and you would have done no better with it. Do not think that it should have been distributed among you; loading the world with fifty parasites instead of one, would not bring back the dead virtue which was the fortune. Money is a living power that dies without its root. Money will not serve the mind that cannot match it. Is this the reason why you call it evil?

"Money is your means of survival. The verdict you pronounce upon the source of your livelihood is the verdict you pronounce upon your life. If the source is corrupt, you have damned your own existence. Did you get your money by fraud? By pandering to men's vices or men's stupidity? By catering to fools, in the hope of getting more than your ability deserves? By lowering your standards? By doing work you despise for purchasers you scorn? If so, then your money will not give you a moment's or a penny's worth of joy. Then all the things you buy will become, not a tribute to you, but a reproach; not an achievement, but a reminder of shame. Then you'll scream that money is evil. Evil, because it would not pinch-hit for your self-respect? Evil, because it would not let you enjoy your depravity? Is this the root of your hatred of money?

"Money will always remain an effect and refuse to replace you as the cause. Money is the product of virtue, but it will not give you virtue and it will not redeem your vices. Money will not give you the unearned, neither in matter nor in spirit. Is this the root of your hatred of money?

"Or did you say it's the love of money that's the root of all evil? To love a thing is to know and love its nature. To love money is to know and love the fact that money is the creation of the best power within you, and your passkey to trade your effort for the effort of the best among men. It's the person who would sell his soul for a nickel, who is loudest in proclaiming his hatred of money--and he has good reason to hate it. The lovers of money are willing to work for it. They know they are able to deserve it.

"Let me give you a tip on a clue to men's characters: the man who damns money has obtained it dishonorably; the man who respects it has earned it.

"Run for your life from any man who tells you that money is evil. That sentence is the leper's bell of an approaching looter. So long as men live together on earth and need means to deal with one another--their only substitute, if they abandon money, is the muzzle of a gun.

"But money demands of you the highest virtues, if you wish to make it or to keep it. Men who have no courage, pride or self-esteem, men who have no moral sense of their right to their money and are not willing to defend it as they defend their life, men who apologize for being rich--will not remain rich for long. They are the natural bait for the swarms of looters that stay under rocks for centuries, but come crawling out at the first smell of a man who begs to be forgiven for the guilt of owning wealth. They will hasten to relieve him of the guilt--and of his life, as he deserves.

"Then you will see the rise of the men of the double standard--the men who live by force, yet count on those who live by trade to create the value of their looted money--the men who are the hitchhikers of virtue. In a moral society, these are the criminals, and the statutes are written to protect you against them. But when a society establishes criminals-by-right and looters-by-law--men who use force to seize the wealth of disarmed victims--then money becomes its creators' avenger. Such looters believe it safe to rob defenseless men, once they've passed a law to disarm them. But their loot becomes the magnet for other looters, who get it from them as they got it. Then the race goes, not to the ablest at production, but to those most ruthless at brutality. When force is the standard, the murderer wins over the pickpocket. And then that society vanishes, in a spread of ruins and slaughter.

"Do you wish to know whether that day is coming? Watch money. Money is the barometer of a society's virtue. When you see that trading is done, not by consent, but by compulsion--when you see that in order to produce, you need to obtain permission from men who produce nothing--when you see that money is flowing to those who deal, not in goods, but in favors--when you see that men get richer by graft and by pull than by work, and your laws don't protect you against them, but protect them against you--when you see corruption being rewarded and honesty becoming a self-sacrifice--you may know that your society is doomed. Money is so noble a medium that is does not compete with guns and it does not make terms with brutality. It will not permit a country to survive as half-property, half-loot.

"Whenever destroyers appear among men, they start by destroying money, for money is men's protection and the base of a moral existence. Destroyers seize gold and leave to its owners a counterfeit pile of paper. This kills all objective standards and delivers men into the arbitrary power of an arbitrary setter of values. Gold was an objective value, an equivalent of wealth produced. Paper is a mortgage on wealth that does not exist, backed by a gun aimed at those who are expected to produce it. Paper is a check drawn by legal looters upon an account which is not theirs: upon the virtue of the victims. Watch for the day when it bounces, marked, 'Account overdrawn.'

"When you have made evil the means of survival, do not expect men to remain good. Do not expect them to stay moral and lose their lives for the purpose of becoming the fodder of the immoral. Do not expect them to produce, when production is punished and looting rewarded. Do not ask, 'Who is destroying the world? You are.

"You stand in the midst of the greatest achievements of the greatest productive civilization and you wonder why it's crumbling around you, while you're damning its life-blood--money. You look upon money as the savages did before you, and you wonder why the jungle is creeping back to the edge of your cities. Throughout men's history, money was always seized by looters of one brand or another, whose names changed, but whose method remained the same: to seize wealth by force and to keep the producers bound, demeaned, defamed, deprived of honor. That phrase about the evil of money, which you mouth with such righteous recklessness, comes from a time when wealth was produced by the labor of slaves--slaves who repeated the motions once discovered by somebody's mind and left unimproved for centuries. So long as production was ruled by force, and wealth was obtained by conquest, there was little to conquer, Yet through all the centuries of stagnation and starvation, men exalted the looters, as aristocrats of the sword, as aristocrats of birth, as aristocrats of the bureau, and despised the producers, as slaves, as traders, as shopkeepers--as industrialists.

"To the glory of mankind, there was, for the first and only time in history, a country of money--and I have no higher, more reverent tribute to pay to America, for this means: a country of reason, justice, freedom, production, achievement. For the first time, man's mind and money were set free, and there were no fortunes-by-conquest, but only fortunes-by-work, and instead of swordsmen and slaves, there appeared the real maker of wealth, the greatest worker, the highest type of human being--the self-made man--the American industrialist.

"If you ask me to name the proudest distinction of Americans, I would choose--because it contains all the others--the fact that they were the people who created the phrase 'to make money.' No other language or nation had ever used these words before; men had always thought of wealth as a static quantity--to be seized, begged, inherited, shared, looted or obtained as a favor. Americans were the first to understand that wealth has to be created. The words 'to make money' hold the essence of human morality.

"Yet these were the words for which Americans were denounced by the rotted cultures of the looters' continents. Now the looters' credo has brought you to regard your proudest achievements as a hallmark of shame, your prosperity as guilt, your greatest men, the industrialists, as blackguards, and your magnificent factories as the product and property of muscular labor, the labor of whip-driven slaves, like the pyramids of Egypt. The rotter who simpers that he sees no difference between the power of the dollar and the power of the whip, ought to learn the difference on his own hide-- as, I think, he will.

"Until and unless you discover that money is the root of all good, you ask for your own destruction. When money ceases to be the tool by which men deal with one another, then men become the tools of men. Blood, whips and guns--or dollars. Take your choice--there is no other--and your time is running out."

The above is an excerpt from Atlas Shrugged, © Copyright, 1957, by Ayn Rand. It is reprinted with permission from the Estate of Ayn Rand.

12 Comments:

Anonymous Anonymous said...

"Have you ever asked what is the root of money?"

In that entire verbose monologue, she never answered her rhetorical question, so I will.

The root of money is dissatisfaction.

Men wish to escape their present, less-preferred state of affairs for a better one, thus they engage in economic exchange.

Money of recognized worth (eg., gold, silver, copper, lead, tobacco, pins, wampum) has superior utility to barter.

The greater the supply of these commodities, the less marginal utility each additional monetary unit possesses.

Therefore, the more you have, the less satisfaction it brings.

If your goal in acquiring money was to remedy your dissatisfaction, why would you strive to be rich if the end result is less satisfaction?

It is all vanity and vexation of spirit, as the "Preacher" shrewdly noted.

Mises' opinion of Ayn Rand was right: She was a silly little Jewish girl.

MALTHUS

April 5, 2009 at 1:50 PM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

"So you think that money is the root of all evil?" said Francisco d'Anconia.

Common misquotation of First Timothy, Chapter 6, verse 10.

"For the love of money is the root of all evil: which while some coveted after, they have erred from the faith, and pierced themselves through with many sorrows."

Money itself is no more evil than a rifle...or a pistol...or any inanimate thing.

April 6, 2009 at 12:33 AM  
Anonymous Billy Beck said...

"Common misquotation of First Timothy, Chapter 6, verse 10."

Please read the book. Francisco's speech begins at page 387 of the Signet Books paperback edition (the only one I have handy right now). Other editions will be in a similar ballpark.

Francisco's very first line -- the interrogative -- is, indeed, a "commmon misquotation": it's the popular vulgarism of the Bible verse. Francisco's point is to take this mindless premise at its words.

Two pages later, he corrects the misquotation from I Timothy, and then deals with that, too.

April 6, 2009 at 5:45 PM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

You didn't read the whole thing, did you?

-- Anon #2

April 6, 2009 at 6:46 PM  
Anonymous LukeM said...

"In that entire verbose monologue, she never answered her rhetorical question, so I will."

You can't possibly have missed the explanation. You must just not like the explanation given, which is a shame because, having dealt with the essentials of money and having integrated them with self-esteem, morality, and politics, it's much better than yours.

"Common misquotation..." is pretty well covered by: "Or did you say it's the love of money that's the root of all evil? To love a thing is to know and love its nature..." The speech is actually better for this two-pronged approach, since D'Anconia refutes the garbage he overhears, then corrects it for the audience, and refutes it that way too. Just so no one hearing him can back out on a technicality.

April 6, 2009 at 7:20 PM  
Blogger Ron said...

Malthus (or anonymous...whichever....)

You parse Rand's point with all the skill of a cell-phone addled motorist.

Or you evade it with much better skill.

Your choice, but one of the two is true...and maybe both.

April 6, 2009 at 8:26 PM  
Blogger Ron said...

Anoymous #2:

Just to be clear, Rand wasn't misquoting the biblical phrase; she was--instead--accurately quoting/phrasing the common sophism about "money being the root of all evil".

It is the sophism that is the misquote of the biblical text, not Rand's use of it in this context.

You'll note that Jesus threw the money-lenders from the temple, not the street, and (taken in biblical context) *that* action was justifiable based on property rights. The money-lenders were still perfectly free to ply their trade elsewhere.

April 6, 2009 at 8:42 PM  
Anonymous smartass sob said...

In that entire verbose monologue, she never answered her rhetorical question, so I will.

"What is the root of money?"

True, she doesn't come right out and say what it is in that particular passage - but for the less obtuse among us it is fairly clear that she is saying the "root of money" as well as the root of production is man's mind. Though it has been quite some time since I've read much of her work, I seem to recall that Rand said expressly that, either in other passages in Atlas Shrugged or in other of her writings.

Uh, no - you have not answered the question either. The root of money is not "dissatisfaction." Dissatisfaction with one's present state of affairs is, usually, the motive behind the desire to acquire money or to produce goods for barter - but only if there is actually something for which to exchange them. If there is nothing to buy, why would anyone want money - or more money? Furthermore, no one freely trades money, or any other commodity, unless one perceives a gain in value. Those barter commodities one accumulates (or produces) may very well have less and less "marginal utility" the more of them one accumulates, but unless one can trade them for that which has greater value, I don't think most would bother. For that matter, no one would produce anything at all unless one's mind came to the conclusion that doing so would alleviate one's "dissatisfaction."

sasob

April 6, 2009 at 9:34 PM  
Blogger Joe Maurone said...

"Common misquotation of First Timothy, Chapter 6, verse 10."

Rand knew that. That's why she continued to say:

"Or did you say it's the love of money that's the root of all evil? To love a thing is to know and love its nature. To love money is to know and love the fact that money is the creation of the best power within you, and your passkey to trade your effort for the effort of the best among men. It's the person who would sell his soul for a nickel, who is loudest in proclaiming his hatred of money--and he has good reason to hate it. The lovers of money are willing to work for it. They know they are able to deserve it.

April 7, 2009 at 12:05 AM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

Please remove the bulk of this from here.

You DO NOT have permission to post it here.

Please respect INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS and COPYRIGHTS as you do not appear to be a LEFTIST.

August 12, 2010 at 5:45 PM  
Blogger Concerned American said...

Anon:

Are you the IPR holder or her agent/designate?

August 12, 2010 at 6:02 PM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

And just like to correct some economic errors here. Decreasing MARGINAL utility, does not mean that striving to increase one's money would result in ultimately less satisfaction but rather that the more money one has the less extra utility is derived from the addition of one more unit of money. All this means is that a dollar is more significant to a homeless man than a millionaire. Not to say the rest of your argument is valid, because although there are probably dozens of reference points that could be taken as answering the initial question, I believe it's best explained directly after it. Money is a medium of exchange used to avoid the barter system and the necessity for a double coincidence of wants. And a medium of exchange is only needed when there are goods of production to be exchanged.

September 11, 2010 at 9:31 AM  

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